Final Report
This paper addresses the beginning of the renaissance and that some relevant issues, will discuss the existing society and the economy at this stage also seek to show how was emerging science and technology, in the same way address the issue of engineers of the time (Gianello Turriano and Leonardo Da Vinci), his inventions and creations, this will lead us to understand how society was changing from Renaissance emergence of new techniques and science.
renaissance was in the XV and XVI in Florence Italy in the late Middle Ages, circa 1300 AD, the middle of the fourteenth century, the Renaissance was already a cultural movement, clear and distinct [1] . It began with the dissemination of the idea of \u200b\u200bhumanism in which man was the center of the universe, "remember that the average age God was the center of the universe, this idea changed with the advent of humanism.
bourgeois mentality, we could define it, not so much as greed or the pursuit of profit, which exist in all times and in all societies, but rather as the search for ever greater profit, indefinite, search profitability, the accumulation of benefits, instead of spending unnecessarily, are invested in leading companies that can provide greater economic development and better social utility. Renaissance society is undeniably expansive and innovative society, but this society is more aristocratic than bourgeois, despite appearances [2] .
From mid-fifteenth century until the late sixteenth century in Europe, significant changes are experienced in all aspects: social, economic, political, etc. You could say that transition from feudalism to capitalism. It is at this stage where the arts come (Gothic), literature and science, is experiencing a considerable increase in population. The money goes into the engine of the economy and society it tends to change their habits, ie, people like to spend more than it earns, because luxury in your everyday life, like to dress well, wear jewelry, participate in parties and banquets. The nobility has original features, including its conversion to culture: the perfect gentleman is no longer the warrior, as in the Middle Ages, but the courtier, who knows how to handle at once, or alternatively the pen and the sword. It is the aristocracy, rather than the bourgeoisie, which has spread in Spain, ideas, themes and forms of the Italian Renaissance.
during the Renaissance is where merchant capital develops as a consequence of the economic boom is a source of huge profits for those involved to buy the products listed on the market European merino wool, for example, to export abroad and import other products for domestic consumption. Cobra and important figure of the merchant, wholesaler, both exporter and importer and banker sometimes, these are authentic bourgeois merchants, dynamic, entrepreneurial, but they have no awareness of being a homogeneous class, a social group original. XVI century society remains a society based on privilege estates, hence the integration of the nobility represents the consecration of social success and the goal to which all aspire to, conquerors, scholars and merchants who came from the lower layers have reached a certain level of wealth.
Science in the Renaissance
How did science and technology in the Renaissance?
What was relevant science and technology in the stage called renaissance?
territorial expansion, military and administrative held during the sixteenth century Spain, could not have happened without the support of a parallel scientific and technological development, science and technology not only followed the eagles of the empire bringing knowledge of new and distant lands and cultures, but also made it possible for your flight, improving military technology, both offensive and defensive means the improvement of firearms (cannons and muskets); without this improved technology (military and engineering), not have been possible to conquer and maintain the conquered.
In the early sixteenth century, the Catholic kings, set up institutions, positions and professorships, including those relating to the recruitment of Seville House, the Council of the Indies or the court, to meet the new needs of knowledge derived from a ambitious foreign policy. Were economic growth and social transformation, with increased trade and increased urban population, the main drivers of technological change. New
needs to satisfy: intensive crops by introducing new irrigation system, improve mineral extraction, through new mining techniques, mass production of manufactured goods (textiles or metals); optimize the use of energy sources (wind and hydro ), provide transportation for safe mobility of goods and people and providing drinking water and sanitation in the cities.
is, perhaps, humanism current of thought that expresses a more finished this new way of understanding the world we call modern, and in which the action and technology are central. The curiosity about the natural world would become one of the most characteristic signs of the perfect human being. It was this power, the perfect speech for the defense of the universalist aspirations of the English kings.
The Art of War as a means of technological advancement.
The sixteenth century was of great wars, which used sophisticated methods of mass killing. The war was one of the main engines of scientific and technological advances of the sixteenth century. The set of strategies designed on the map by the generals of the prince and implemented by an anonymous mass of infantry equipped with muskets and cannons. Who was
Juanello Turriano and what are their inventions?
One of the main engineers of the Renaissance was Juanello Turriano (1500-1585).
was born 1500 in a village near Cremona in Lombardy, Italy, a major focus of industrial production during the period. His real name was Giovanni, known as Gianello or Janelle in English led Juanello or Juanelo. It was a humble young man devoted to grazing during the night caring for his flock to deduct the course of the stars without the knowledge or tools. Giorgio was Fondulo, physician, mathematician and professor, was the Turriano start on the basics of astronomy.
individuals trained in the academic field whose skills have more to do with learning the theory and scholastic speculation. Learned in the workshop of his father build and repair mechanical instruments, he was apprenticed to a watch shop in Cremona, where he becomes a master watchmaker and mechanic. Principal representative of the watchmaking art.
Meeting of Charles V and Turriano (Bologna 1530)
Ferrante Gonzaga (Governor of Milan), he would give the emperor's famous astronomical clock, the astrarium, sixteenth-century masterpiece. Turriano rebuilt for 20 years, by calculation, once spent three years made at the conclusion of the piece.
To build the wheels
invented a lathe carving teeth spaces with unparalleled precision and speed.
the service of Philip II
the death of Charles V, watches planetary collected were put in charge of Giovanni, occupying the same position with Philip II, who forced him to stay on the court as a servant. Inventions
Juanelo advised Philip II in the construction of large engineering projects, especially hydro, because these works became known as the wise king.
calendar reform undertaken by Pope due to a mismatch between astronomical time and calendar date reached More than a dozen days. [3]
Engineers Can a man can come to the knowledge of the natural effects without ever having read books written in Latin?
Bernard Palissy was an apprentice glazier that by seeking to apply a white glaze pottery became famous. He responded affirmatively to this question with which attacked the professors of the Sorbonne. "The practice can demonstrate that the doctrines of philosophers (including the most famous) can be false."
procedures artisans, artists and engineers have value in relation with the progress of knowledge. Must be accorded the dignity of cultural events.
workshops these artists are both laboratories are painters, sculptors, engineers, technicians, builders and designers of machinery, in addition to art, are taught the rudiments of anatomy and optics, perspective and geometry. Empirical knowledge of people like Leonardo da Vinci is the result of such an environment.
Leonardo Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), painter, engineer, machine builder and designer (man without letters), and philosopher, became for modern men at the command man of many knowledge, overcoming the old distinction between manual and mental operations.
Leonardo had the need to link theory with practice. Science beginning in the mind are left uncertain, because of purely mental no experience, without which nothing provides certainty in itself. He defended the convergence between practice and theory, but was ambiguous in its ideas, it is also true that the reverse, there is only certainty where you can apply mathematics and those who flock to practice without science are like pilots who enter on the ship without rudder or compass, you never know for sure where they go.
However, the investigations of Leonardo, which were remarkably bright and rich insights into great ideas, no experiments went from being curious, not reach the systematic nature which is one of the fundamental characteristics of modern science and technology.
Once the artists are taken into account and higher in rank or status, universities and schools are no longer the only places where there is culture, which developed this knowledge, are the engineers and artists, engineers, ranging reaching a less prestigious position than the physician, magician, astronomer court or university professor.
Most artists are from XV century environments artisans, peasants and petty, "the art in the fourteenth century was regarded as a manual activity. In the early fifteenth century, Florence Italy, sculptors and architects were members of the corporation under masons and carpenters, painters belonged to the major corporation of doctors and pharmacists. The architects were not only builders of buildings, also dealt with building machines of war, to prepare stands (machines) and complicated apparatus for processions and parties.
Francis Bacon, founder of "modern science" three reviews of the mechanical arts.
1 .- They are used to reveal the processes nature, are a form of knowledge;
2 .- Lar mechanical arts grow into themselves, they are unlike all other forms of traditional knowledge, know-progressive, and growing so fast that the desires of men cease even before those have achieved perfection:
3 .- In the mechanical arts, unlike other forms of culture, there is collaboration, are a form of collective knowledge: they converge on the talents of many, while the liberal arts of many mills were subjected to a single person and the fans, usually so perverted rather than progress.
technicians uses unknown can be done in their experiments, scientists and theorists know that many of the desiderata can be satisfied by the work of mechanics. [4]
accordance with the revised, one can conclude that science and technology advanced as society itself changes, ie that due to new insights and needs that it was created, generated, once capitalism and the emergence of money, somehow the empires (kings), were forced to meet those needs, some for the benefit of society, giving way to modernism and the recognition of the artisans who went on to become the first engineers creators of technology and science.
[1] John Hale, The Renaissance in Great Ages of Mankind, The Break with the Middle Ages, Madrid, 1978.
[2] Joseph Perez, The English Society of Renaissance www.cervantesvirtual.com.
[3] Nicolás García Tapia and Jesus Castillo Carrillo, Technology and Empire, UNAM, May 2002.
[4] Information from Paolo Rossi, The Birth of modern science in Europe, chapter three "engineers", pp.40-50.
